為什麼香港學生「考完琴就不練了」?──從考試文化談內在動機危機

在香港,幾乎每一位學琴的孩子都會被問同一個問題:「你考到第幾級?」英國皇家音樂學院聯合委員會(ABRSM)的分級考試,不僅是衡量音樂能力的標準,更是中學入學申請的「資歷」之一(Lee & Leung, 2020)。家長把孩子送進琴室,往往希望換來一張證書;而當八級或演奏文憑考完之後,許多青少年便悄悄放下了樂器(Lee & Leung, 2020)。

A line graph titled 'The ABRSM Cliff Effect in Hong Kong Student Musicians' showing a steep rise in students earning grade 8 certificates before a sharp decline in instrument practice, with a violin illustration on the side.

這正是我在香港私人琴室任教多年來最揪心的觀察。我們的學生並非沒有才能,而是缺少一種能夠自我延續的學習動力。研究文獻早已指出,過度依賴外在獎賞(如分數、證書、家長讚美)會逐漸侵蝕學習者的內在興趣(Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999);當外在誘因消失,學習行為也隨之中止。Hallam(2002)綜合多項研究後更明確指出,能維持內在動機的學生,練琴時更專注、更具策略,也更能在技術困難面前展現韌性。

A diagram illustrating the comparison between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation orbits according to Self-Determination Theory, featuring concepts like Exam, Certificate, Parental Expectation, Secondary Admission, Grade, Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness, and Music.

於是我問:在這個以考試為主的環境裡,能不能有一種教學方式,讓孩子因為喜歡音樂而練琴,而不只是因為要考試?我以行動研究的方式,針對八位 7 至 16 歲的小提琴與中提琴學生,進行為期八週、以自我決定理論(Self-Determination Theory, SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000)為核心的教學介入。

A diagram illustrating the concept of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in musical practice. It features three layers: an Extrinsic Layer including rewards like ABRSM grades and parental praise, a Practice Behavior Layer, and an Intrinsic Core highlighting joy, curiosity, and musical identity. The diagram emphasizes that extrinsic rewards disappear after exams, while the intrinsic core sustains long-term practice.

在未來幾個星期,我會把我的關鍵發現轉化為香港、台灣音樂教師與家長都能立即使用的觀點與策略。我們不會否定考試的存在,而是探討:如何在考試制度之下,仍然守護孩子對音樂的熱愛?

References

Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.

Hallam, S. (2002). Musical motivation: Towards a model synthesising the research. Music Education Research, 4(2), 225–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461380022000011939

Lee, C., & Leung, B. W. (2020). Factors in the motivations of studio-based musical instrument learners in Hong Kong: An in-depth interview study. International Journal of Music Education, 38(3), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761420926663

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